1431 – Joan of Arc handed over to Bishop Pierre Cauchon
1496 – References in Leonardo da Vinci notebooks suggested that he tested his flying machine. The test didn’t succeed and he didn’t try to fly again for several years.
1521 – Martin Luther is excommunicated by Pope Leo X from the Roman Catholic Church for failing to recant parts of his Ninety-five Theses which started the Protestant Reformation
1777 – General George Washington’s revolutionary army defeats British forces at Battle of Princeton, New Jersey
1815 – By secret treaty, Austria, Britain, and France formed a defensive alliance against Prusso-Russian plans to solve the Saxon and Polish problems.
1823 – Stephen F. Austin received a grant from the Mexican government and began colonization in the region of the Brazos River in Texas.
1825 – Scottish factory owner Robert Owen buys 30,000 acres in Indiana as site for New Harmony utopian community
1918 – US Employment Service opens as a unit of the Department of Labor
1919 – The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement, which was a short-lived agreement for the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, is signed by the King of Iraq and the President of the World Zionist Organization
1925 – Benito Mussolini dissolves the Italian parliament and proclaims himself dictator of Italy, taking the title “Il Duce” (the Leader)
1932 – Martial law is declared in Honduras to stop revolt by banana workers fired by United Fruit.
1944 – World War II: Top Ace Major Greg “Pappy” Boyington is shot down in his Corsair by Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Zero.
1946 – As a reward for his wartime cooperation, Governor Thomas E. Dewey commutes Charles “Lucky” Luciano’s pandering sentence on condition that he does not resist deportation to Italy
1947 – U.S. Congressional proceedings were televised for the first time. Viewers in Washington, Philadelphia and New York City saw some of the opening ceremonies of the 80th Congress.
1959 – In the U.S., Alaska became the 49th state. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/alaska-admitted-into-union
1984 – Syria frees captured US pilot after appeal from Jesse Jackson
1985 – Israel government confirms resettlement of 10,000 Ethiopian Jews
1990 – Ousted Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega surrendered to U.S. forces, 10 days after taking refuge in the Vatican’s diplomatic mission.
1993 – U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) in Moscow.
1999 – Israeli authorities detained, and later expelled, 14 members of Concerned Christians. Israeli officials claimed that the Denver, CO-based cult was plotting violence in Jerusalem to bring about the Second Coming of Christ.
2001 – The ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms) charged the “Texas 7” with weapons violations. An autopsy showed that Office Aubrey Hawkins, killed by the convicts, had been shot 11 times and run over with a vehicle.
2009 – The Bitcoin network is created as the first block of the digital currency is mined by a person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto
2013 – 27 Shiite pilgrims are killed and 60 are injured by a suicide bombing in Musayyib, Iraq
2015 – Over 2,000 people are killed in north-east Nigeria after Boko Haram militants raze the town of Baga
2018 – Previously unknown ancient Beringians group of people unearthed in Alaska, earliest known Native Americans at 11,500 years old
REFERENCE: history.net, onthisday.com, thepeopleshistory.com, timeanddate.com, scopesys.com, on-this-day.com
